白腐真菌组合培养提高漆酶酶活的作用机制研究

采用白腐真菌组合培养的方式提高漆酶酶活,并对组合后菌株相互作用机制进行了研究.菌株55(Trametes trogii)和菌株m-6(Trametes versicolor)组合后漆酶酶活较菌株55和m-6分别提高了24.13倍和4.07倍;组合后菌株间不存在抑制作用;平板培养时,两菌株菌丝生长止于菌丝交界处,该处漆酶酶活最高并分泌褐色色素;液体培养时,菌株m-6对组合后漆酶酶活的提高起着更为重要的作用:向菌株55的培养物中添加菌块m-6,其酶活比向菌株m-6培养物中添加菌块55时的酶活高7.03倍,并且菌株m-6胞外物对菌株55的漆酶分泌也有明显的刺激作用,其中加入20 mL过滤灭菌胞外物可使菌株55漆酶酶活提高6.79倍,而且胞外物高温灭菌后仍能刺激菌株55的漆酶分泌,加入20mL后酶活比对照高4.60倍;Native-PAGE活性染色结果表明组合后同工酶种类未发生变化,但有3种同工酶的浓度升高.     

水源地藻类及藻毒素同时去除的效果及机制分析

利用组合载体对太湖梅梁湾水源地水体中藻类及藻毒素的同时去除试验表明:检测水源地水体中藻量、Chl-a、TMC的含量各为(31.67～78.27)×106个.L-1、32.58～102.67μg·L-1、1.79～11.97μg·L-1.在水力停留时间为7d、组合载体的密度为13.1%的条件下,组合载体AP对藻量的平均去除率达到了59.78%,对Chl-a的平均去除率达到了80.82%,对TMC-LR、TMC-RR、EMC-LR、EMC-RR的降解率最高能达到99.73%、97.10%、100%、75.44%.对其去除机制的研究表明,组合载体AP对总细菌的富集能力达到了8.3×1011～35.6×1011cells.g-1,比湖水本底值中细菌的总数高出了8～9个数量级.对除藻及藻毒素过程中的优势菌种,经过培养、分离,考察其形态、生理生化特性,利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、16S rRNA序列分析技术,经鉴定确认该优势菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp.).组合载体AP上富集的大量微生物,它们的协同降解作用是去除藻及藻毒素的主要作用机制.     

多氯联苯污染土壤菌根真菌-紫花苜蓿-根瘤菌联合修复效应

选用紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）作为宿主植物,盆栽试验研究了丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus caledonium）和苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)单接种及双接种对PCBs复合污染土壤的联合修复效应.结果表明,在紫花苜蓿-菌根真菌-根瘤菌共生体系中,紫花苜蓿对土壤中PCBs的降低起到明显作用,使轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了15.8%、 23.5%,紫花苜蓿单接种菌根真菌和苜蓿根瘤菌后轻度污染和重度污染土壤中PCBs浓度分别下降了14.8％、 24.1%和20.6%、 25.5%,双接种后土壤PCBs分别降低了23.2％、26.9%,而且也改变了紫花苜蓿根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用程度,改善了微生物群落功能多样性.可见,紫花苜蓿豆科植物-菌根真菌-根瘤菌特殊共生体对PCBs污染土壤显示了较好的修复潜力.     

车载物资振动环境谱的数据处理与归纳

车载物资或设备振动环境谱的数据处理与归纳是车载物资或设备环境可靠性试验的重要组成部分,对保障车载物资或设备的完整性和可靠性具有十分重要的意义。以货车为例,依据GB10593．3～90进行数据合并,然后采用统计容差法进行振动环境条件随机振动规范谱的估计。所得到的规范谱为车栽物资或设备振动环境的可靠性评定奠定了基础。     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

人工湿地对化粪池出水净化效果的对比研究

对比了四种复合人工湿地系统对化粪池出水COD、TP、NH3-N和SS的净化效果,试验系统均采用间歇式进水,时间间隔为1d。为期7个月的运行结果表明,系统出水水质均达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)中的二级标准,其中潜流(水平流)+垂直流(上行流)湿地系统对COD的去除效果最好;垂直流(下行流)+垂直流(上行流)湿地系统对TP、NH3-N、SS去除效果最好;选用含钙石灰石和含铁矿粉做填料、采用间歇式的运行方式可以提高湿地系统对污染物的去除率。     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS) was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). The removal rates of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4 +-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.     

A~2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺处理低C/N比生活污水脱氮除磷

以低C/N比实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了A2/O-曝气生物滤池生化系统的脱氮除磷特性.同时,考虑到A2/O工艺的主要功能是除磷及反硝化,而曝气生物滤池则以硝化为目的.因此,通过缩短A2/O的泥龄,可将硝化过程从A2/O中分离出去,让曝气生物滤池完成硝化,实现硝化菌和聚磷菌的分离,并解决了硝化菌和聚磷菌泥龄之间的矛盾.试验结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步去除.在平均C/N比为4.2,内回流比R为250%的条件下,平均进水COD、TN、TP分别为239.9、57.3和5.1mg·L-1,平均最终出水COD、TN、TP分别为34.1、13.3和0.1mg·L-1,去除率分别为85.8%、76.9%和98.3%.曝气生物滤池对氨氮几乎保持了100%的去除率.序批试验表明,反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例为40.5%.     

BPA与3种双酚类化合物的联合作用雌激素效应

环境内分泌干扰物的联合作用已经是目前研究的重点.采用重组基因酵母检测法,分别测定了双酚A (BPA)、双酚AF(BPAF)、双酚AP(BPAP)、双酚F(BPF)4种双酚化合物的雌激素活性,并依据其测定结果,按照等效浓度比,设计了浓度比分别为EC₁₀和EC₅₀的6种二元混合物并测定了其雌激素活性.结果表明,这4种化合物的剂量-效应关系都可以用Weibull函数有效描述,BPA、BPAF、BPAP、BPF的EC₅₀值分别为：6.81×10^-6、7.44×10^-7、1.43×10^-5、7.52×10^-6 mol·L^-1,其雌激素活性大小顺序为：BPAF>BPA>BPF>BPAP.依据不同的联合作用判断方法对这4种化合物的联合效应进行判断,结果表明,相同化合物的不同混合比例可能对联合作用方式产生影响,采用DA和IA预测模型可以更加直观、方便地判断联合作用的类型,而且可以反映出不同混合比例对联合作用的影响.     

上海中心城区苏州河沿岸排水系统降雨径流水文水质特性研究

为了解城市合流制管道系统降雨径流的水文水质变化过程与特征,于2007年7～9月对上海中心城区合流制排水系统(CSS)4类强度降雨(小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨)的降雨量、径流量和污染浓度进行了同步连续监测与分析.结果表明,径流过程线滞后于降雨过程线约15～25 min,形态与降雨过程线相似,波动幅度低于降雨过程线.4类强度降雨的径流系数分别为：0.33、 0.62、 0.67和0.73.CSS基本存在30/30标准的降雨径流初始冲刷现象,污染物浓度过程线滞后于降雨过程线约30～40 min. 4类强度降雨径流的pH值和重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni的事件平均浓度(EMC)均符合地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类水要求,COD、BOD₅、NH⁺₄-N和TP的EMC的变化范围分别为225.0～544.1、 31.5～98.9、 8.9～44.2和1.98～3.52 mg·L^-1,平均分别超过Ⅴ类水标准9.3、 5.6、 11.7和6.1倍,接近国外城市CSS的平均污染水平.SS与COD、BOD₅、NH⁺₄-N和TP在P<0.01水平上均具有一定的正相关性(R为0.359～0.736),颗粒态有机类和营养类污染物的比例平均为70.21%.